What aspects are included in land ownership?

Land ownership encompasses a variety of rights that pertain to the various layers and aspects of the land itself. The answer that includes surface rights, subsurface rights, and air rights best captures the comprehensive nature of land ownership.

Surface rights refer to the rights an owner has to use the land on the surface, which can include developing, farming, or building on it. Subsurface rights entail the rights to the minerals, oil, or other resources found beneath the land. Air rights allow the owner to control the airspace above the land, which can be crucial for developments such as high-rise buildings or telecommunications towers. These three components—surface, subsurface, and air rights—together define the full spectrum of ownership and use of land.

Other options present rights that are more functional or regulatory in nature rather than fundamental aspects of land ownership. For instance, construction rights and zoning rights pertain more to regulatory permissions than to the innate rights of ownership. Therefore, while they are important in real estate transactions and land usage, they do not encompass the essential rights that come with land ownership itself.